East Asia Cyber & AI Risk Tracker

Signal Database

East Asia Cyber & AI Risk Tracker

Search structured signals first, then open briefs, exports, or public-source records when a signal deserves deeper review.

1

Search A Task

Start with a country, CVE, company, sector, source family, or threat theme such as ransomware, JVN, KrCERT, procurement, or AI security.

2

Inspect Signals

Open source-linked records, compare priority, check dates, and use the related collection pages when a record needs context.

3

Export Or Monitor

Use capped CSV, indicator CSV, RSS, copyable briefs, and local watchlists for repeat workflow use. Larger data access uses the request form.

A

Who This Helps

Security, cloud, governance, supplier-risk, and research teams that need English access to East Asia public cyber, AI, cloud, incident, procurement, and CERT signals.

B

How To Verify

Treat Nogosee as a monitoring layer: open the linked source, compare nearby tracker records, and check methodology and update cadence before making operational decisions.

C

Public Boundary

Public search, CSV, RSS, and topic pages are capped samples. Full feeds, historical exports, and custom monitoring remain request-only, and private query logic is not published.

Live Database Proof

The tracker is backed by structured public records before any article is written.

This server-rendered proof uses the public-signal summary first, so crawlers, screenshots, and no-JavaScript checks can see that the database is alive.

2,994Total public records
1,817Taiwan/Japan/Korea records
10/10Core source families
185Added or seen in 24h

Latest database activity 2026-08-06 22:57. Snapshot generated 2026-08-06 23:50. Capped public exports prove workflow fit; full feeds and historical access remain request-only.

Dashboard Lens

Regional risk and workflow queue

Use this snapshot to decide whether to start with country monitoring, CVE triage, ransomware watch, cloud/identity review, or API/export evaluation.

Live facets load after search
Regional heat
Global637
Taiwan49
Korea49
Japan26
Hong Kong13
Watch-first queue
  1. A Practical Workflow for Turn East Asia CERT alerts into a supplier questionnaire without panic — 6 August 2026 ReviewGlobal / Security
  2. A Practical Workflow for What to capture from a ransomware leak post before sharing internally — 6 August 2026 ReviewGlobal / Security
  3. A Practical Workflow for Create a lightweight MOPS cybersecurity disclosure watchlist — 6 August 2026 ReviewGlobal / Security
  4. A Practical Workflow for How to use JVN CVSS and affected-product fields without false certainty — 6 August 2026 ReviewGlobal / Security
Workflow mix
Security 753Policy 10Supply Chain 4Product 4Partnership 2Other 1
30-day trend

439 signals across 29 active days.

Vulnerability / CVE pulse
7Matching records
3High priority
7Fresh / recent
Global 4Hong Kong 3

Review high-priority and fresh records before export.

Open vulnerability/CVE query
Ransomware pulse
1Matching records
0High priority
1Fresh / recent
Global 1

Review high-priority and fresh records before export.

Open ransomware/extortion query
Ready. Search the database or choose a preset to refresh the results below.
Active filters All public signals
Export CSV Indicator CSV RSS alert feed Share query on X 0 selected for comparison
Signal results 30 results
globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Turn East Asia CERT alerts into a supplier questionnaire without panic — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Turn East Asia CERT alerts into a supplier questionnaire without panic — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported ...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for What to capture from a ransomware leak post before sharing internally — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for What to capture from a ransomware leak post before sharing internally — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported c...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Create a lightweight MOPS cybersecurity disclosure watchlist — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Create a lightweight MOPS cybersecurity disclosure watchlist — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to use JVN CVSS and affected-product fields without false certainty — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to use JVN CVSS and affected-product fields without false certainty — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for What makes an East Asia AI incident 'publishable' vs 'monitor-only' — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for What makes an East Asia AI incident 'publishable' vs 'monitor-only' — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported cla...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for SLSA questions to ask when a supplier claims 'secure build pipeline' — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for SLSA questions to ask when a supplier claims 'secure build pipeline' — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported cl...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Map AI misuse and model abuse signals to MITRE ATLAS without hype — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Map AI misuse and model abuse signals to MITRE ATLAS without hype — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Use NIST AI RMF to structure an AI security watchlist — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Use NIST AI RMF to structure an AI security watchlist — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Build a Hong Kong cloud/identity watchlist from GovCERT.HK alerts — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Build a Hong Kong cloud/identity watchlist from GovCERT.HK alerts — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Turn Korea KISA/KrCERT notices into an internal patch-SLA queue — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Turn Korea KISA/KrCERT notices into an internal patch-SLA queue — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Map an East Asia incident write-up to MITRE ATT&CK without overclaiming — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Map an East Asia incident write-up to MITRE ATT&CK without overclaiming — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Combine EPSS and KEV to prioritize CVEs without panic — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Combine EPSS and KEV to prioritize CVEs without panic — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to score East Asia public signals before writing an article — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to score East Asia public signals before writing an article — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Build a supplier-risk question set from East Asia public records — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Build a supplier-risk question set from East Asia public records — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Critical-infrastructure signals worth adding to a regional risk brief — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Critical-infrastructure signals worth adding to a regional risk brief — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported c...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for What to extract from a public cyber incident disclosure — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for What to extract from a public cyber incident disclosure — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Maintain a no-hype CVE watchlist for East Asia suppliers — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Maintain a no-hype CVE watchlist for East Asia suppliers — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to decide whether a global vendor story belongs in an East Asia tracker — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to decide whether a global vendor story belongs in an East Asia tracker — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsuppo...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to use Nogosee CSV exports in a weekly risk meeting — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to use Nogosee CSV exports in a weekly risk meeting — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for A Thailand personal-data exposure signal appears; what should privacy teams monitor? — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for A Thailand personal-data exposure signal appears; what should privacy teams monitor? — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventin...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Build an East Asia AI security watchlist for governance teams — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Build an East Asia AI security watchlist for governance teams — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to compare Taiwan, Japan, and Korea CERT signals for one vendor — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to compare Taiwan, Japan, and Korea CERT signals for one vendor — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported cla...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for What to check before escalating an East Asia vulnerability signal — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for What to check before escalating an East Asia vulnerability signal — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported claims.

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for How to review Singapore CSA alerts for regional cloud and government risk — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for How to review Singapore CSA alerts for regional cloud and government risk — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupport...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for Build a lightweight East Asia vendor risk watchlist from public sources — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for Build a lightweight East Asia vendor risk watchlist from public sources — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for What is JPCERT/CC, and how should global security teams use its alerts? — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for What is JPCERT/CC, and how should global security teams use its alerts? — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without inventing unsupported...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

globalmediumsecurity

A Practical Workflow for A Japanese vendor releases a critical CVE; what should a global security team check first? — 6 August 2026 Review

A Practical Workflow for A Japanese vendor releases a critical CVE; what should a global security team check first? — 6 August 2026 Review helps security, cloud, and supplier-risk teams keep an East Asia cyber or AI-risk signal under review when there is no fresh publish-ready news item. It explains how to preserve the original link, separate visible evidence from assumptions, and route unclear findings without in...

cloud infrastructuregovernmentsecurity operations
East Asia cyber riskcontinuity monitoringsource verificationworkflow

Primary source

hong_konghighsecurity

SonicWall Issues Advisory for Spoofing Vulnerability Affecting Gen6-Gen8 Firewalls

SonicWall released a security advisory addressing a vulnerability in SonicOS versions across Gen6, Gen7, and Gen8 firewalls that could allow spoofing via specially crafted requests. Patches are available; administrators should apply updates immediately.

SonicWall
enterprise infrastructurefirewallnetwork security
CVE-2026-0516SonicOSSonicWallfirewall security

Primary source

hong_konghighsecurity

GovCERT.HK Issues High Threat Alert for Linux Kernel Open vSwitch Privilege Escalation Flaw (CVE-2026-64531)

GovCERT.HK has issued a High Threat Security Alert (A26-08-05) for a local elevation of privilege vulnerability (OVSwrap, CVE-2026-64531) in the Linux Kernel Open vSwitch Datapath, affecting multiple kernel versions and enabling unprivileged local attackers to gain root access via memory corruption, with public PoC exploit code available.

DebianRed HatSUSE
cloud infrastructureenterprise ITnetwork virtualization
CVE-2026-64531GovCERT.HKLinux kernelOVSwrap

Primary source

Priority Radar Ranked by freshness, importance, source signal, and operational relevance.
  1. 100
  2. 100
  3. 100

    SonicWall Issues Advisory for Spoofing Vulnerability Affecting Gen6-Gen8 Firewalls

    High importance / fresh source / vulnerability signal / infrastructure relevance

    2026-08-06 · Hong Kong · Security
  4. 98

    A Practical Workflow for Turn Korea KISA/KrCERT notices into an internal patch-SLA queue — 6 August 2026 Review

    Medium importance / fresh source / vulnerability signal / AI relevance

    2026-08-06 · Global · Security
  5. 90

    A Practical Workflow for What to capture from a ransomware leak post before sharing internally — 6 August 2026 Review

    Medium importance / fresh source / threat activity / AI relevance

    2026-08-06 · Global · Security
774Total Signals
471Published Briefs
200High Importance
439Recent 30D
6137981291269712102817107162111322592633312933
Top sectorstechnology520government498cloud infrastructure476security operations464Cybersecurity89cybersecurity70Government30critical infrastructure26Cloud Infrastructure23finance23
Top tagsworkflow463continuity monitoring454East Asia cyber risk454source verification454east-asia45tool-content43privilege escalation21checklist20tutorial20japan19
Tracker Snapshot

This summary is rendered by WordPress before browser-side API filters run, so the page remains useful even when the live signal API is slow.

Latest visible signal: A Practical Workflow for Turn East Asia CERT alerts into a supplier questionnaire without panic — 6 August 2026 Review

774Tracked records
Coverage loadingSources monitored
Coverage loadingEnabled sources
Coverage loadingRecently fetched

Coverage snapshot is temporarily unavailable. The tracker still exposes methodology, RSS, CSV, and server-rendered signal cards when cached data is available.

Operational brief and triage details
Operational Brief

Scope All public signals

Latest signal 2026-08-06 - A Practical Workflow for Turn East Asia CERT alerts into a supplier questionnaire without panic — 6 August 2026 Review

Signal state
  • 774 total signals
  • 471 published briefs
  • 200 high importance
Importance mix
  • Medium (574)
  • High (200)
Region mix
  • Global (637)
  • Taiwan (49)
  • Korea (49)
  • Japan (26)
Event types
  • Security (753)
  • Policy (10)
  • Supply Chain (4)
  • Product (4)
Top entities
  • Microsoft (37)
  • Google (15)
  • AhnLab (13)
  • KISA (12)
Top sectors
  • Technology (520)
  • Government (498)
  • Cloud Infrastructure (476)
  • Security Operations (464)
Triage Matrix
Action queue
  1. 100

    GovCERT.HK Issues High Threat Alert for Linux Kernel Open vSwitch Privilege Escalation Flaw (CVE-2026-64531)

    Check exposure, affected products, patch status, and official advisory details.

  2. 100

    GovCERT.HK Issues Alert on OpenSSL Denial-of-Service Vulnerability Patched in Versions 3.6.4 and 4.0.2

    Check exposure, affected products, patch status, and official advisory details.

  3. 100

    SonicWall Issues Advisory for Spoofing Vulnerability Affecting Gen6-Gen8 Firewalls

    Check exposure, affected products, patch status, and official advisory details.

  4. 98

    A Practical Workflow for Turn Korea KISA/KrCERT notices into an internal patch-SLA queue — 6 August 2026 Review

    Check exposure, affected products, patch status, and official advisory details.

  5. 90

    A Practical Workflow for What to capture from a ransomware leak post before sharing internally — 6 August 2026 Review

    Compare against endpoint, identity, mail, proxy, and ticket telemetry for matching behavior.

  6. 90

    A Practical Workflow for Maintain a no-hype CVE watchlist for East Asia suppliers — 6 August 2026 Review

    Check exposure, affected products, patch status, and official advisory details.

Risk mix
GlobalSecurityH 0M 27L 0
Hong KongSecurityH 3M 0L 0
Coverage and methodology
Methodology

RSS and source-list items are normalized into structured signals, translated into English when needed, and enriched with entities, sectors, tags, event type, importance, timelines, and primary-source links. Low-value items can remain monitoring records instead of becoming public articles.

Freshness

Last updated Aug 6, 2026 23:37 UTC. Sources are checked on a conservative cadence, and public articles are published only after quality checks pass.

Coverage

Core focus: Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. Paused watchlist context: China, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, and global cyber, AI, cloud, governance, observability, and security operations risk when clearly relevant.

Global 637Taiwan 49Korea 49Japan 26Hong Kong 13
English or source unknown 552En 113Traditional Chinese 49Korean 32Japanese 26Zh Hant Or Zh Hans 2